Universe, Sun, Earth & Moon
Origin of the Earth
One of the earliest theories about the origin of the Earth was proposed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, later revised in 1796 by mathematician Laplace. This theory, known as the Nebular Hypothesis, suggested that planets were formed from a cloud of material associated with the initial Sun.
In the 1900s, Chamberlain and Moulton proposed that a wandering star approached the Sun. This encounter caused a cigar-shaped extension of material to separate from the Sun’s surface. As the passing star moved away, this material condensed and continued to revolve around the Sun, eventually forming the planets.
Modern theories focus on the origin of the Universe rather than just the Earth or the planets.
Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory (also known as the Expanding Universe Hypothesis) was proposed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s. He provided evidence that the Universe is expanding, with galaxies moving farther apart over time.
Stages of the Universe’s Development (as per the Big Bang Theory):
- Stage 1: A “tiny ball” (singular atom) with unimaginably small volume, infinite temperature, and infinite density existed before the formation of the Universe.
- Stage 2: At the Big Bang, this “tiny ball” exploded violently, leading to a massive expansion that continues to this day.
- Stage 3: Within the first three minutes, the first atom began to form.
- Stage 4: Within 300,000 years of the Big Bang, the temperature dropped to 4,500 K, allowing atomic matter to form. The Universe became transparent at this stage.
Star Formation
A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity and emits its own light.
- The nearest star to Earth is the Sun.
- Many other stars are visible from Earth during the night as fixed luminous points due to their immense distance from us.
Stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust in space, which collapse under their own gravity. Nuclear fusion in their cores produces light and energy, sustaining their luminosity.
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Formation of Planets
The process of planet formation is believed to have occurred in the following stages:
Initial Cloud of Gas and Dust:
After a star forms, the remaining material, which failed to condense into the star, begins to revolve around it. This leftover material consists of gas and dust. The gravitational forces within these lumps cause the formation of a dense core within the gas cloud. Over time, this core becomes surrounded by a massive, rotating disc of gas and dust.Condensation into Planetesimals:
As the gas cloud cools and condenses, the matter surrounding the core starts to clump together, forming small, rounded objects called planetesimals. These planetesimals are the building blocks of planets.Formation of Planets:
Over millions of years, these planetesimals collide and merge under the influence of gravity, gradually forming larger celestial bodies. Eventually, these massive bodies evolve into planets.
Our Solar System
Our Solar System, which formed about 4.6 billion years ago, consists of:
- The Sun: A star at the center of the system, providing energy and gravitational stability.
- Planets: Nine major planets (including Pluto, traditionally considered a planet but now classified as a dwarf planet).
- Moons: 63 natural satellites orbiting the planets.
- Smaller Celestial Bodies: Millions of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids.
- Interplanetary Material: Dust grains and gases scattered throughout the Solar System.
Inner and Outer Planets
The planets in our Solar System are categorized as:
Inner Planets (Terrestrial Planets):
- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
- Located between the Sun and the asteroid belt.
- Composed primarily of rock and metals, with relatively high densities.
Outer Planets (Jovian Planets):
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (now classified as a dwarf planet).
- Situated beyond the asteroid belt.
- These are gas giants with thick atmospheres made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Characteristics of Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Feature | Terrestrial Planets | Jovian Planets |
---|---|---|
Proximity to Sun | Closer to the Sun. | Farther from the Sun. |
Solar Wind Effect | Intense solar winds stripped away lighter gases. | Weaker solar winds allowed retention of gases. |
Size and Density | Smaller in size; higher density. | Larger in size; lower density. |
Composition | Made of rocky and metallic materials. | Composed primarily of gases (hydrogen, helium). |
Atmosphere | Thin or no atmosphere. | Thick atmospheres rich in helium and hydrogen. |
Interesting Fact:
Despite its massive size, Jupiter has such low density that if it could be placed in a giant ocean (hypothetically), it would float!
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