Current Affairs
India Marks International Snow Leopard Day 2025 with #23for23 Initiative
1. Context and OccasionDate Observed: 23rd October 2025Event: International Snow Leopard DayOrganised by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Kali Tiger Reserve (KTR) – Karnataka
1. OverviewLocation: Uttara Kannada (North Canara) district, KarnatakaFormer Name: Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve (Renamed in 2015 to Kali Tiger Reserve)Total Area:
Bajrang Setu – India’s First Cable Suspension Glass Bridge
1. OverviewName: Bajrang SetuLocation: Rishikesh, UttarakhandType: Cable suspension bridge with glass flooringLength: 132 metresHeight above Ganga River: Approx. 57–70 feetCost:
Chaman–Spin Boldak Border Crossing: Overview
1. Geographic and Strategic LocationChaman Border Crossing is one of the major international border crossings between Pakistan and Afghanistan.It connects:Chaman town in Chaman District, Balochistan
Sanae Takaichi Becomes Japan’s First Female Prime Minister
1. Historic SignificanceSanae Takaichi, aged 64, has become Japan’s first-ever female Prime Minister.She was elected by Japan’s Parliament (Diet) after winning:237 votes in the Lower House,
Green Crackers
🌱 1. What are Green Crackers?Definition:Green crackers are environmentally improved firecrackers developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Environmental
Nagaland Nominates Dzükou Valley as Global Tourist Spot
1. Background and ContextEvent: Nagaland has nominated Dzükou Valley as its official entry under the national programme to develop 50 world-class tourist destinations.Announcement by: Temjen
2025 Henley Passport Index – Key Highlights
1. IntroductionThe Henley Passport Index (HPI) is a global ranking of passports based on the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior
PUNCH Space Mission
🔹 1. Full Form and MeaningPUNCH stands for Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere.It aims to study the Sun’s outer atmosphere (corona) and
Konkan 2025: India–UK Naval Power in Action
Introduction“Konkan 2025” marks one of the most significant naval collaborations between India and the United Kingdom. Conducted off India’s western
🏆 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Memory of Alfred Nobel)
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
📚 Nobel Prize in Literature 2025
1. IntroductionPrize Announced by: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 9, 2025.Laureate: László Krasznahorkai, Hungarian novelist and essayist.Citation:
🕊️ Nobel Peace Prize 2025: Maria Corina Machado
1. IntroductionRecipient: Maria Corina MachadoCountry: VenezuelaAwarded by: The Norwegian Nobel CommitteeReason: For her tireless work in promoting democratic rights in
US–Pakistan AMRAAM Missile Deal
1. Background of the DealThe United States has confirmed the supply of AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles to Pakistan.The announcement follows Pakistan
Pasni Port Proposal – Pakistan’s Strategic Offer to the US
🇵🇰 1. Background: Pakistan’s Offer to the USRecently, Pakistan has reportedly offered the United States to help build and operate
Japan–U.S. Tomahawk Missile Deal
1. BackgroundJapan and the United States signed an agreement for the purchase of up to 400 Tomahawk cruise missiles.The deal
🧪 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 – Development of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
🏛️ Awarding Body:The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences🏅 Laureates:Susumu Kitagawa – Kyoto University, JapanRichard Robson – University of Melbourne, AustraliaOmar
Nobel Prize in Physics 2025: Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling and Energy Quantisation in an Electric Circuit
🏅 Award AnnouncementAwarded by: The Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesYear: 2025Field: PhysicsLaureates:John Clarke – University of California, Berkeley, USAMichel H.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India
1. Background and IntroductionLaunched: 2015Under: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers WelfareObjective:Promote organic farming
ICGS Akshar Commissioned (2025)
Commissioning DetailsEvent: Commissioning of Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) AksharDate: 4 October 2025Location: Karaikal, PuducherryBuilder: Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)Class: Adamya-class
2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
🏆 LaureatesAwarded to:Mary E. Brunkow – Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle (USA)Fred Ramsdell – Sonoma Biotherapeutics, San Francisco (USA)Shimon Sakaguchi
India’s Dhvani Hypersonic Missile
India is on the verge of a historic defence breakthrough with the upcoming test of Dhvani, a next-generation hypersonic missile.
Sir Creek Dispute
The Sir Creek dispute is a border issue between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, with
New Ramsar Sites in India (2025) – Bihar’s Gokul Jalashaya & Udaipur Jheel
Recently, two wetlands from Bihar have been declared as Ramsar Sites:Gokul Jalashaya (Buxar)Udaipur Jheel (West Champaran)With
Cold Desert Declared India’s 13th UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
UNESCO declared the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve in Himachal Pradesh as India’s 13th UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.Global Network: Added to the
Devaragutta Dasara Festival – The Violent Ritual of Andhra Pradesh
The Devaragutta Dasara festival is one of the most unusual and striking celebrations of Dasara (Vijayadashami) in India. Celebrated at
Sacred Stages: Traditional Ritual Theatres of India
Basics Ritual Theatre: A form of performance combining sacred ritual and dramatic expression, rooted in temples, festivals, and collective memory.Core Features:
India’s Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
Introduction Critical minerals are essential resources for clean energy, advanced technology, electronics, transport, and defense.In 2025, India launched the National Critical
Jal Prahar 2025 – Comprehensive Notes for UPSC
Introduction The Indian Navy and Army successfully conducted the biannual joint amphibious exercise ‘Jal Prahar 2025’ along India’s
The Indian Ports Act, 2025 – India’s Bold Maritime Legislation
Key Highlights at a GlanceReplaces the outdated Indian Ports Act, 1908 with modern regulations.Establishes Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) as
Iridogorgia chewbacca – A New Deep-Sea Coral Species
Introduction The discovery of Iridogorgia chewbacca has generated interest among scientists and
Indian Coast Guard Ship Adamya Commissioned at Paradip Port – UPSC Notes
Introduction The commissioning of ICGS Adamya at
Zapad-2025 Military Drills
Zapad-2025 Military Drills – India’s Participation1. ContextZapad (meaning West in Russian) is a large-scale military exercise conducted by Russia and
Exercise Siyom Prahar
Exercise Siyom Prahar — Indian ArmyBasic FactsAttributeDetailsNameExercise Siyom PraharConducted byIndian ArmyWhen8–10 September 2025WhereArunachal Pradesh (strategically sensitive northeast sector)PurposeValidate the use
India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant in Assam
India’s first bamboo-based ethanol plant in Assam Golaghat facility billed as world’s first green bamboo bioethanol plant; ₹7,230-crore polypropylene project also
PLI Scheme
I PLI Scheme: Powering India’s Industrial RenaissanceA Transformational Push for Manufacturing, Employment, and Global CompetitivenerIntroduction: A New Chapter in India's Growth
Samudra Pradakshina
Samudra Pradakshina Samudra Pradakshina is India’s first-ever tri-service (Army, Navy, Air Force) all-women circumnavigation expedition.It involves sailing around the globe, crossing
Gyan Bharat Mission
Introduction Over centuries, India’s civilizational wealth of ideas and creativity has continuously adapted—finding renewed expression in today's digital age. From the
Ethiopia Opens Africa’s Largest Hydroelectric Dam – The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
IntroductionEthiopia has inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile River, near Guba on the Ethiopia–Sudan border. After 14 years of
Iran and India: Ancient Civilisations & New Horizons
1. Global ContextThe world is in a period of transition and a crisis of the Western-led international order.Western dominance, led
Kerala’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
1. Current StatusKerala’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has risen sharply from 18 to 30 per one lakh live births (2021–2023),
Nilgiris Tea Crisis
1. BackgroundNilgiris tea industry facing persistent cost price crisis for Green Tea Leaves (GTL).Farmers, mostly Badagas, protested violently in late
Great Nicobar Project: An Ecological Disaster
1. Background₹72,000 crore mega-infrastructure project in Great Nicobar Island.Poses danger to indigenous tribes, fragile ecosystem, and disaster-prone area.Criticised as half-baked
100 Years of the Self-Respect Movement (Tamil Nadu)
Origin & ContextStarted in 1925, led by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy.Emerged as an ideological impulse: mobilising men & women across castes/classes.Goal:
Assam to Celebrate Bhupen Hazarika’s Birth Centenary
1. OccasionAssam government launched year-long celebrations to mark the birth centenary of Bhupen Hazarika, legendary singer, composer, and cultural icon.Hazarika,
India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World
India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multipolar World1. Concept of Strategic AutonomyStrategic autonomy, once limited to academic debate, has now become
Summary of GST Reforms 2025: Relief for Common Man, Boost for Businesses
🔹 IntroductionGST, launched on 1st July 2017, unified multiple central and state taxes, creating a common national market.After 8 years,
India–Japan Joint Vision for the Next Decade (2025)
India and Japan adopted a 10-year vision (2025–2035) to strengthen their Special Strategic and Global Partnership. The goal is to
Geographical Indication (GI) Tags – Simplified Notes
What is a GI Tag?A Geographical Indication (GI) Tag is a sign used on products that come from a specific
Vikram-32: India’s First Indigenous Space Chip
At Semicon India 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was presented with Vikram-32, India’s first fully indigenously developed 32-bit processor chip.
Prime Minister at the 25th SCO Summit in Tianjin, China
Prime Minister Narendra Modi took part in the 25th Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit held in Tianjin, China from 31
India – Thailand Joint Military Exercise MAITREE-XIV Begins in Meghalaya
The 14th edition of Exercise MAITREE between India and Thailand started on 1st September 2025 at the Joint Training Node,
Kalai-II Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh
1. Latest NewsOn 20th August 2025, the Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB) conducted an Environmental Public Hearing for
India–Namibia Ties: A New Chapter in India’s Africa Engagement
IntroductionIn July 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed Namibia’s National Assembly during his visit to the country. His speech stood
Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project
IntroductionThe Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project (VPHEP) is a run‑of‑river hydropower scheme being developed on the Alaknanda River in Chamoli
India Launches NASA-ISRO Earth Observation Satellite – NISAR
Why is it in the news?India has successfully launched the NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite from the Satish Dhawan
Exercise Drone Prahar: Indian Army’s Push Towards Drone Warfare
Location: Rayang Military Station, East Siang District, Arunachal PradeshTags: Indian Army, Drone Technology, Defence Exercises, Military Technology, SSB PreparationWhat is
EXERCISE BOLD KURUKSHETRA 2025 TO KICK OFF AT JODHPUR: ADVANCING INDIA-SINGAPORE DEFENCE COOPERATION
India and Singapore, two vibrant democracies with a shared vision for regional peace and security, are all set to elevate
Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY)
Upliftment of Scheduled Castes (SCs) What is PM-AJAY?PM-AJAY is a scheme launched in 2021-22 to improve the lives of Scheduled
Why Apache Attack Helicopters’ Arrival is a ‘Milestone Moment’ for India’s Defence?
Introduction: India recently received the first 3 of 6 advanced AH-64E Apache attack helicopters ordered for the Indian Army—a strategic